Alimentary System

Alimentary System

Summarize

 not have

Epidemiological

 not have

Etiology & Risk Factors

Teeth and jaw

Other risk factors:

 

         The risk is also increased if the recoveries are treated when they are younger than five years old, because their permanent teeth have not yet fully formed.

 

 

 

 

Possible health problems

 

 

50. Dental abnormalities;
50. Cavities (including tooth decay) and gum disease;
50. Insufficient salivary gland secretion;
50. Death of jaw bone cells;
50. Changes in the way the face, jaw or skull is formed.

 

 alimentary canal

 other factor ：

 

 

 

 

50. Older age at the start of diagnosis or treatment;
50. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy;
50. History of chronic graft-versus-host disease.

 

 

 

Possible health problems

 

 

50. Esophageal or intestinal stenosis
50. The muscles of the esophagus don't work properly
50.  back-flow
50. Diarrhea, constipation, fecal incontinence, or intestinal obstruction
50.  enterobrosis
50. Intestinal inflammation
50. Some intestines die
50. The gut cannot absorb nutrients from food

 

 

 pancreas

 risk factor

 

 

50. Abdominal radiotherapy;
50. Whole body irradiation (TBI) as part of stem cell transplantation.

 

 

 

Possible health problems

 

 

50. Insulin resistance: the body does not use insulin properly. Insulin is needed to control the amount of glucose in the body. Because the pancreas does not work properly, the levels of glucose and fat go up.
50. Diabetes: A disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin, or does not function properly. When there is not enough insulin, blood sugar levels rise and the kidneys produce large amounts of urine.

Classification & Staging

Teeth and jaw

 

Type of cancer:

 

 

 

50. Head and neck cancer
50.  hodgkin lymphoma
50.  neuroblastoma
50. The leukemia spread to the brain and spinal cord
50.  nasopharyngeal darcinoma
50.  cerebroma
50. Cancer treated with stem cell transplants

 

 alimentary canal

Type of cancer:

 

        

 

        The following cancers may be treated with a potential long-term effect on the digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine bacteria, rectum and anus):

 

 

 

50. Rhabdomyosarcoma (tumor located in the bladder or prostate, or near the testis);
50.  non-Hodgkin lymphoma ；
50.  germinoma ；
50.  neuroblastoma ；
50. Hodgkin's disease tumor.

 

Liver and bile duct

Type of cancer:

 

 

50.  cancer of the liver
50. Hodgkin's disease tumor
50. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
50. Cancer treated with stem cell transplants

Clinical Manifestations

Teeth and jaw

 

 S&S

 

 

50. Teeth are small or not of normal shape
50. The permanent teeth are absent
50. Permanent teeth appear later than normal age
50. The enamel on the teeth is less than usual
50. Cavities and gum disease are more common than normal
50.  dry
50. Chewing, swallowing and speaking are difficult
50. The pain is in the lower back
50. The lower jaw does not open and close in the normal way

 

 

        If your child has any of these problems, please consult your child's doctor.

 

 

 alimentary canal

 S&S

 

 

50. Difficulty swallowing or feeling food stuck in the throat
50.  heartburn
50. The fever was accompanied by severe abdominal pain and nausea
50. Abdominal pain
50. Changes in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea)
50.  N&V
50. Frequent abdominal pain, bloating, fullness or cramps
50.  haemorrhoids
50.  gastric disorder causing nausea

 

 

        If your child has any of these problems, please consult your child's doctor.

 

 

Liver and bile duct

 S&S

 

 

50. Weight gain or loss
50. Swollen abdomen
50.  N&V
50. Abdominal pain. The pain may occur around the ribs, usually on the right side, or after eating a fatty meal
50. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and white eyes)
50. Light-colored stools
50. Dark urine
50. A lot of gas
50. Lack of appetite
50. Feeling tired or weak

 

 

        If your child has any of these problems, please consult your child's doctor. Sometimes the long-term effects on the liver or bile ducts may not show up with any signs or symptoms and may not require treatment.

 

 

 pancreas

 S&S

 

 

50.  frequency of urinatior
50. I feel very thirsty
50. I feel hungry
50. Unexplained weight loss
50. I feel very tired
50. It often infects, especially the skin, gums or bladder
50.  blurred vision
50. Wounds or bruises heal slowly

Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet

        If your child has any of these problems, please consult your child's doctor.

Clinical Department

 not have

Examination & Diagnosis

Teeth and jaw

 

 test mode

 

 

50. Dental examination and medical history: Examining the teeth, mouth, and jaw for general signs of dental health, including signs of disease such as cavities or anything unusual. Understanding the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments. This can also be called a dental exam.
50. X-rays: X-rays of all teeth and roots.
50. X-ray of the lower jaw.
50. CT scan (CAT scan): A series of detailed images taken from different angles of the body's internal areas, such as the head and neck.
50. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
50. Biopsy: The jawbone cells are removed so that signs of bone death after radiation therapy can be examined under a microscope.

 

Talk to your child's doctor about whether your child needs a check-up and tests for late symptoms of the teeth and jaw. If tests are needed, find out how often they should be done.

 

 

 alimentary canal

 test mode

 

 

50. Physical examination and medical history: General signs of health are examined, including signs of disease, such as abdominal tenderness or other abnormal symptoms. The patient's health habits and past illness and treatment are known.
50. Digital rectal exam: A doctor or nurse will insert a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to look for lumps or other things that don't seem quite right.
50. Blood biochemistry: A test of a blood sample to measure the amount of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. Abnormal results (higher or lower than normal) may indicate problems with the relevant organ or tissue.
50. X-rays: X-rays are a beam of energy that can pass through the body and into film to photograph areas inside the body. They are used to examine the abdomen, kidneys, ureters or bladder for signs of disease.

Discuss with your child's doctor whether your child needs to be tested and checked for signs of delayed gastrointestinal transit. If a test is needed, find out how often they should be done.

 

 

Liver and bile duct

 test mode

 

 

50. Physical exam and medical history: A general physical examination of the body's signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or other unusual things. Learn about the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments.
50. Blood biochemistry involves examining blood samples to measure the levels of certain substances released into the bloodstream by organs and tissues. Abnormal results (either higher or lower than normal) may indicate issues with the relevant organs or tissues. For example, if the liver is damaged, there may be elevated levels of bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
50. Ferritin levels: The process of checking blood samples to measure ferritin levels. Ferritin is a protein that binds with iron and stores it for the body to use. High ferritin levels may be a sign of liver disease after stem cell transplants.
50. Blood studies to check the degree of blood clotting: Blood samples are examined to measure the number of platelets in the body or the time it takes for blood to clot.
50. Hepatitis testing: The process of examining a blood sample to determine the presence of hepatitis virus fragments. Blood samples can also be used to measure the amount of hepatitis virus in the blood.
50.  ultrasonic examination 。
50. Biopsy: Cells or tissue are taken from the liver to examine under a microscope for signs of fatty liver.

        Talk to your child's doctor about whether your child needs tests and examinations to check for long-term effects on the liver or bile ducts. If a test is required, find out how often it will be done.

 

 

 pancreas

 test mode

 

 

50. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test: In this process, a blood sample is drawn and the amount of glucose attached to red blood cells is measured. A higher than normal level of glucose in red blood cells may be a sign of diabetes.

 

50. Fasting blood sugar test: A test that draws a blood sample to check the amount of glucose in the blood. This test is done after the patient has not eaten for the night. Elevated levels of glucose in the blood may be a sign of diabetes.

Clinical Management

Teeth and jaw

 

 therapeutic tool ：

 

 

 

 

50. Radiation therapy to the head and neck;
50. Whole body irradiation (TBI, as part of stem cell transplantation);
50. Chemotherapy, especially high-dose alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide;
50. Head and neck surgery.

 

 

 alimentary canal

 therapeutic tool ：

 

 

 

 

50. Radiation to the bladder, prostate or testicles and certain types of chemotherapy can increase the risk of long-term effects on the digestive tract.

 

 

 

50. Radiation therapy to the abdomen or areas near it, such as the esophagus, bladder, prostate, or testicles, can cause digestive issues that start quickly and last for some time. However, in some patients, these digestive problems may develop later and persist longer. These late effects are due to radiation damage to blood vessels. High-dose radiation therapy or chemotherapy, including daunorubicin or anthracycline drugs, combined with radiation therapy, may increase this risk.

 

 

 

50. Bladder removal by abdominal or pelvic surgery.

 

 

 

 

50. Chemotherapy with alkylating agents (such as cyclophosphamide, pucabazine, ifosfamide) or platinum drugs (such as cisplatin or carboplatin), or with anthracyclines (such as doxorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin and epirubicin).

 

 

 

50. Stem cell transplantation.

 

 

Liver and bile duct

 therapeutic tool ：

 

 

 

 

50. Surgical resection of part of the liver or liver transplantation;
50. Chemotherapy, including high-dose cyclophosphamide, as part of stem cell transplantation;
50. Chemotherapy such as 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine and methotrexate;
50. Radiation therapy to the liver and bile ducts. Risks depend on the following factors:

(1) Radiation dose and therapeutic dose to the liver;

 

(2) Age at treatment (the younger, the higher the risk);

 

(3) Whether there is a partial liver resection;

 

(4) Whether chemotherapy, such as doxorubicin or daclomycin, is given together with radiotherapy;

 

(5) Stem cell transplantation (and the history of chronic graft-versus-host disease).

 

 

 

Possible health problems

 

 

 

 

50. Liver dysfunction or metabolic disorder
50.  gall-stone
50. Benign liver lesion
50. Hepatitis B or C infection
50. Liver injury due to venous occlusive disease/syndrome of sinus obstruction (VOD/SOS)
50. Liver fibrosis (excessive growth of liver connective tissue) or cirrhosis
50. Fatty liver with insulin resistance (the body produces insulin but does not use it well)
50. The tissues and organs are damaged by excess iron after multiple blood transfusions

Prognosis

 not have

Follow-up & Review

 not have

Daily Care

Teeth and jaw

 

Prevention and health care

 

        Doctors recommend that children who have recovered from cancer have a dental checkup every six months and get a cleaning and fluoride treatment. Children who have had radiation therapy to the mouth can also see an orthodontist or an ENT doctor. If lesions appear in the mouth, a biopsy may be needed.

 

 

Liver and bile duct

Prevention and health care

 

 

50. Having a healthy weight;
50.  keep one's nose clean ；
50. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B viruses.

Cutting-edge therapeutic and clinical Trials

 not have

References

 data source ：

 

PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Website: https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/late-effects-pdq. Date accessed: July 24,2018. [PMID: 26389365]

 

 

 

        Translated by Qian Yueping (Senior Manager, Medical Device Industry, Medical Clinical Affairs Department, PhD in Biology)

Audit specialists

 not have