C. N. S

C. N. S

Summarize

 main points

 

 

 

50. Long-term effects on the brain and spinal cord are more likely to occur after treatment for certain childhood cancers.
50. Radiation to the brain increases the risk of long-term effects on the brain and spinal cord.
50. Long-term effects on the brain and spinal cord can lead to certain health problems.
50. Symptoms and signs caused by long-term effects of the brain and spinal cord.
50. Tests used to determine and diagnose health problems of the brain and spinal cord.
50. Children who recover from cancer may suffer from anxiety and depression related to the cancer.
50. Some children who recover from cancer suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder.
50. Teenagers diagnosed with cancer are likely to have social problems later in life.

Epidemiological

 not have

Etiology & Risk Factors

Other risk factors

 

 

 

50. It is treated when the child is about 5 years old or younger
50.  femininity
50. There is hydrocephalus and a drainage device to remove excess fluid from the ventricles
50. There is hearing loss
50. Cerebellar ataxia occurs after brain tumor resection surgery. Cerebellar ataxia includes difficulty speaking, loss of coordination and balance, mood swings, irritability and shouting
50. History of stroke
50.  epileptic attack

 

 

        The long-term effects of the central nervous system are also influenced by where the tumor is located in the brain and spinal cord.

 

 

 

Possible health problems

 

 

 

50.  headache
50. Loss of coordination and balance
50.  epileptic attack
50. The myelin sheath covering the nerve fibers in the brain falls off
50. Impairments affecting movement of the legs and eyes or ability to speak and swallow
50. Nerve damage to the hand or foot
50. Stroke. A second stroke is more likely to occur in people who have had radiation to the brain, a history of high blood pressure, or were over 40 years old at the time of their first stroke
50.  hydrocephalus
50. Loss of bladder and/or bowel control
50. Cavernous hemangioma (abnormal cluster of blood vessels)
50. Back pain
50. Other long-term effects may also include impacts on thinking, learning, memory, emotions and behavior

 

 

        A new approach to using more targeted and lower doses of radiation to treat the brain may reduce the risk of long-term effects on the brain and spinal cord.

Classification & Staging

Cancer types

 

 

50. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
50. Brain and spinal cord tumors
50. Head and neck cancers, including retinoblastoma
50.  non-Hodgkin lymphoma
50.  osteosarcoma

Clinical Manifestations

 sings and symptoms

 

 

 

50. Headache may disappear after vomiting
50.  epileptic attack
50. Loss of balance, lack of coordination or difficulty walking
50. Difficulty speaking or swallowing
50. There's something wrong with the two of them working together
50. Numbness, tingling or weakness in the hands
50. You can't bend your ankle and lift your foot
50. Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body)
50. Abnormal drowsiness or changes in activity levels
50. An unusual change in character or behaviour
50. Change in bowel habits or difficulty urinating
50. Head enlargement (infant)
50. Sudden confusion or difficulty in speaking or understanding language
50. Sudden difficulty seeing with one or two eyes
50. Sudden severe headache, cause unknown
50. Memory problems
50. Attention problems
50. Solve difficult problems
50. There are difficulties in organizing thought and tasks
50. Slower learning and use of new information
50. There are difficulties in learning to read, write or do maths
50. There are difficulties with the coordination of movement between the eyes, hands and other muscles
50. Delayed normal development
50. Social withdrawal or difficulty getting along with others

 

 

        If your child has any of these problems, please consult your child's doctor.

Clinical Department

 not have

Examination & Diagnosis

1. Physical examination and medical history

 

        Examine the general physical signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or other unusual things. Learn about the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments.

 

 

2. Neurological examination

 

 

        A series of tests and questions are conducted to examine the brain, spinal cord, and nerve functions. These tests assess a person's mental state, coordination, and ability to walk normally, as well as their muscle strength, sensory sensitivity, and reaction time. This process is also known as a neurological examination or neuropsychiatric evaluation. In some cases, a more comprehensive test may be performed by a neurologist or neurosurgeon.

 

 

 

 

3. Neuropsychological assessment

 

 

        A range of tests that examine the patient's psychological processes and behaviour. The scope of the examination usually includes:

 

 

 

50. Know who you are, where you are, and what day it is ​
50. The ability to learn and remember new information
50.  IQ
50.  problem-solving ability
50. Use both spoken and written language
50. Hand-eye coordination
50. The ability to organize information and tasks

 

 

        Discuss with your child's doctor whether your child needs to do any tests and procedures to check for delayed symptoms of the brain and spinal cord. If tests are needed, find out how often they should be done.

Clinical Management

 therapeutic tool

 

 

50. Radiation to the brain or spinal cord, especially at high doses.
50. This includes whole body irradiation given as part of a stem cell transplant.
50. Intrathecal or intraventricular chemotherapy.
50. High-dose methotrexate or cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy can cross the blood-brain barrier (the protective layer around the brain). This includes high-dose chemotherapy given as part of a stem cell transplant.
50. Surgery to remove a brain tumor or spinal cord.
50. The risk of long-term effects is higher when both brain radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy are given at the same time.

 

Prognosis

 not have

Follow-up & Review

 not have

Daily Care

 mental health

 

 

 

1. Anxiety and depression

 

 

        These and other factors can lead to problems in relationships, education, employment and health, and can lead to suicidal thoughts. Recovering from these issues may make it difficult for survivors to grow up and live independently.

 

 

 

        Follow-up examinations for children who have recovered from cancer should include screening and treatment of possible psychological distress, such as anxiety, depression and suicidal thoughts.

 

 

 

 

2. Post-traumatic stress disorder

 

 

        Diagnosing and treating life-threatening illnesses can be traumatic. This trauma can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is defined as a condition that occurs after a stressful event involving death or threat of death, serious injury, or threats to oneself or others, resulting in certain behaviors.

 

 

 

        PTSD can affect cancer survivors in the following ways: Recalling their time being diagnosed and treated for cancer in nightmares or flashbacks, and thinking about it all the time. Avoid places, events and people that remind them of their cancer experience.

 

 

 

        Generally, children who have recovered from cancer tend to exhibit low levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is partly influenced by the coping strategies of both the patients and their parents. Children under 4 years old who have undergone head radiation therapy or intensive treatment may be at a higher risk of developing PTSD. Family issues, lack of social support from family or friends, and stress unrelated to cancer can also increase the likelihood of developing PTSD.

 

 

 

        Because of the stigma surrounding places of avoidance and people with cancer may be part of a cluster of symptoms known as post-traumatic stress disorder, those recovering from PTSD may not get the treatment they need.

 

 

 

 

3. Social issues

 

 

        Teenagers diagnosed with cancer may reach their social milestones later than those who are not diagnosed with cancer. These milestones include dating a first boyfriend or girlfriend, getting married, and having a child. They may also find it difficult to get along with others or feel that they are not liked by their peers.

 

 

 

        Cancer survivors in this age group report being less satisfied with their health and overall life than other peers who do not have cancer. Survivors of cancer in youth and young adulthood need special programs to provide psychological, educational and work support.

 

 

Cutting-edge therapeutic and clinical Trials

 not have

References

Source:

 

50. PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Website: https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/late-effects-pdq. Date accessed: July 24,2018. [PMID: 26389365]

 

 

 

        Translated by Qian Yueping (Senior Manager, Medical Device Industry, Medical Clinical Affairs Department, PhD in Biology)

Audit specialists

 not have