Cutaneum Carcinoma

Cutaneum Carcinoma

Summarize

Skin cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the skin tissue. The skin is the body's largest organ and can protect against heat, sunlight, trauma and infection. It also helps control body temperature and store water, fat and vitamin D.

Epidemiological

Although rare, melanoma is the most common type of skin cancer in children and is more common in teenagers aged 15 to 19.

Squamous cell and basal cell skin cancer

 

        Non-melanoma skin cancers (squamous cell and basal cell) are very rare in children and young people.

 

Etiology & Risk Factors

People with the following conditions are at higher risk of melanoma:

 

50. Large melanocytic nevus (big black spot, can cover trunk and thighs)
50.  angioderma pigmentosum
50. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1 (also known as Werner syndrome)
50. Hereditary retinoblastoma
50. The immune system is weakened

 

 

        Other risk factors for melanoma in all age groups include:

 

        Fair skin, including:

 

50. Fair skin, prone to freckles and burns, does not tan or is difficult to tan
50. Blue or green or other light-colored eyes
50. Red or blonde hair
50. Prolonged exposure to natural or artificial sunlight (such as a tanning bed)
50. There are several large or multiple small moles.
50. Family or personal history of an unusual mole (atypical mole syndrome)
50. There is a family history of melanoma

 

Risk factors for squamous cell and basal cell skin cancer

 

        The following factors increase the risk of squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma:

50. Prolonged exposure to natural or artificial sunlight (such as a tanning bed)
50. Fair skin, including:

o Skin is fair, prone to freckles and burns, and does not or rarely tans

O Eyes that are blue or green or other light colors

o Red or blonde hair

50. Actinic keratosis
50. Had undergone radiotherapy
50. The immune system is weakened

Classification & Staging

There are many layers of skin, but the two main layers are the epidermis (top or outer layer) and dermis (bottom or inner layer). Skin cancer starts in the epidermis, which is made up of three types of cells:

 

 

50. Melanocytes: These cells are located in the lower part of the epidermis and produce melanin, which gives skin its natural color. When exposed to sunlight, melanocytes produce more pigment and cause the skin to darken. ​
50. Squamous cells: Thin, flat cells that form the outermost layer of the epidermis.
50. Basal cells: round cells under squamous cells.

 

There are three types of skin cancer:

 

50.  melanoma
50. Squamous cell skin cancer
50. Basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Clinical Manifestations

        Signs and symptoms of melanoma include:

 

 

1) Some special moles, including:

There are variations in size, shape or color.

It has irregular edges or boundaries.

More than one colour.

It is asymmetrical (if the mole is split in half, the two halves are different in size or shape).

 pruritus

Blood, bleeding or ulceration

 

2) Changes in skin color in pigmented (colored) areas

3) Satellite nevus (a new mole that develops near an existing one)

 

 

Signs and symptoms of squamous  cell and basal cell skin cancer

 

        Symptoms of squamous cell and basal cell skin cancer may include:

50. A skin ulcer that is difficult to heal
50. The following symptoms appear in one area of the skin:
50. Small, raised, smooth, shiny and waxy
50. Small, raised, red or reddish-brown
50. Flat, rough, red or brown, scaly.
50. Sclerotic, hemorrhagic or sclerotic.

Clinical Department

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Examination & Diagnosis

Tests for diagnosing and staging melanoma may include the following:

 

50. Physical exam and medical history
50. Chest X-ray examination
50. CT scan
50. MRI
50. PET scan

        For a description of these tests and procedures, see the basic information section above.

 

        Other tests and means used to diagnose melanoma include:

 

 

 

50. Skin examination: The doctor or nurse examines the skin for lumps and spots to see if there are any abnormalities in color, size, shape or texture.
50. Biopsy: All or part of the abnormal growth is cut from the skin and examined under a microscope by a pathologist to check for cancer cells. There are four main types of skin biopsies:

O Biopsy: Abnormal growth tissue is "scraped out" with a sterile blade.

Percutaneous biopsy: a special instrument called a punch or ring drill is used to take a round piece of tissue from an abnormal site.

Octrema biopsy: a procedure in which the entire abnormal growth tissue is removed.

o Extensive local resection: The tissue of the abnormal growth area and some surrounding normal tissue are surgically removed to check for cancer cells. This test may require a skin graft to cover the area removed.

 

50. Sentinel lymph node biopsy involves surgically removing the sentinel lymph nodes. These nodes are the first to be reached by lymph from the tumor, often being the first to show signs of cancer spread. To remove these nodes, healthcare providers inject radioactive substances or blue dye near the tumor. These substances or dyes travel through the lymphatic system to the lymph nodes, and the first node they reach is the sentinel lymph node, which will be removed. Pathologists then examine the removed tissue under a microscope for cancer cells. If no cancer cells are found, further lymph node removal may not be necessary.
50. Lymph node dissection: This is a surgical procedure where lymph nodes and tissue samples are examined under a microscope to detect signs of cancer. If a regional lymph node dissection is performed, some lymph nodes in the tumor area will be removed. If a radical lymph node dissection is performed, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area will be removed. Lymph node dissection is also known as lymph node excision.

 

 

Tests to diagnose squamous cell and basal cell skin cancer may include:

 

50. Skin examination: The doctor or nurse examines the skin for lumps or spots and observes whether the color, size, shape or texture of the lumps and spots is abnormal.
50. Biopsy: A piece of the abnormal tissue is cut from the skin and examined under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. There are three main types of skin biopsies:

O Biopsy: Abnormal growth tissue is "scraped out" with a sterile blade.

Percutaneous biopsy: a special instrument called a punch or ring drill is used to take a round piece of tissue from an abnormal site.

Octrema biopsy: a procedure in which the entire abnormal growth tissue is removed.

 

Clinical Management

 

        For information on the treatments listed below, see the treatment overview section above.

 

        Melanoma is treated by surgically removing the tumor and some of the tissue around it.

        If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the treatment is surgical removal of the tumor and lymph nodes. Immunotherapy with high doses of interferon or ipilimumab (ipilimumab) can also be given.

 

        The treatment for spreading melanoma beyond the lymph nodes may include:

50. Immunotherapy: Ipilimumab (ipilimumab)
50. Clinical trials of new targeted therapies

        Children with recurrent melanoma may consider participating in clinical trials to test for changes in genes in tumor samples and to target patients based on the type of gene change. These patients may also consider participating in clinical trials of new targeted or immunotherapy drugs.

 

 

Treatment of squamous cell and basal cell skin cancer

 

 

        For information on the treatments listed below, see the treatment overview section above.

 

        Carcinoma of squamous cell and basal cell in children can be surgically removed, which may include Mohs microsurgery.

        Mohs microsurgery is a surgical procedure used for treating skin cancer, involving the removal of thin layers of tumor from the skin. During this procedure, the edges of the tumor and each layer removed are examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells. The tissue is then carefully removed layer by layer until no cancer cells are detected. This type of surgery minimizes the removal of normal tissue and is typically used to remove malignant skin tumors on the face.

 

        Children with recurrent squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma may be considered for clinical trials to test whether genes in the patient's tumor samples have changed. Targeted therapy can be given based on the type of gene change.

Prognosis

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Follow-up & Review

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Daily Care

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Cutting-edge therapeutic and clinical Trials

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References

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