Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder

Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder

Summarize

Bladder cancer is a malignant disease that develops in the bladder tissue. The bladder, located in the lower abdomen, resembles a hollow balloon with a muscular wall that allows it to expand or contract. Its primary function is to temporarily store urine, which is produced by the kidneys. The renal tubules in the kidneys filter and cleanse the blood, removing waste products and converting them into urine. The urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, and is eventually expelled from the body through the urethra.

        The most common type of childhood bladder cancer is papillary urothelial tumor, which has low malignancy and good prognosis. Malignant types of bladder cancer are rare in children.

Epidemiological

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Etiology & Risk Factors

Risk factors for disease

        Women who have received chemotherapy with alkylating agents (such as cyclophosphamide) have a higher risk of bladder cancer.

Classification & Staging

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Clinical Manifestations

Bladder cancer can cause the following signs and symptoms. If your child has any of the following problems, consult a pediatrician:

50. The most common symptom is hematuria, which can range from slightly rusty to bright red. ​
50. Frequent urination or feeling the need to urinate but not actually passing urine.
50. Pain during urination.
50. Lower back pain.

        In addition to bladder cancer, other conditions can cause the same symptoms.

Clinical Department

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Examination & Diagnosis

The following tests are required for the diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer:

50. Overall physical examination and medical history inquiry
50. CT scan
50. A B-ultrasound of the bladder
50. Organ biopsies

        For a description of these inspection methods, see the basic information section above.

        Other methods used to diagnose bladder cancer include:

50. Urine test: Check the color of urine and the contents of a variety of substances, including sugar, protein, red blood cells, white blood cells, etc.
50. Urine cytology: microscopic examination of urine for the presence of abnormal cells.
50. Cystoscopy: A cystoscope is a very fine, tubular instrument equipped with a light for illumination and a lens for observation. It can be inserted through the urethra to reach the bladder, allowing for the examination of any abnormal areas in the bladder and urethra. Sometimes, the cystoscope is also fitted with a sampling tool to collect tissue samples for microscopic examination.

Clinical Management

For the treatment information below, see the treatment plan overview section above.

        Cystectomy via the urethra can be used to treat childhood bladder cancer:

        Transurethral Resection (TUR): This is a surgical procedure where an electrocautery instrument is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to remove diseased tissue. The instrument, a small tubular device, includes a light for illumination, a lens for observation, and tools for removing tissue and burning any remaining tumor cells. The removed tissue can be examined under a microscope for signs of cancer.

        Children with recurrent bladder cancer may consider participating in clinical trials to test for changes in genes in tumor samples and to target patients based on the type of gene change.

Prognosis

Bladder cancer in children and adolescents is mostly low-grade, non-metastatic cancer, and the prognosis is usually good after surgical resection of tumor tissue.

Follow-up & Review

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Daily Care

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Cutting-edge therapeutic and clinical Trials

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References

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Audit specialists

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