Carcinoma of Colon

Carcinoma of Colon

Summarize

Colorectal cancer is caused by malignant cells in the colon or rectum. The rectum is part of the digestive system. The human digestive system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, absorbs nutrients from food (such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) and helps expel waste from the body. The colon, the beginning of the large intestine, is about 1.5 meters long; the rectum and anal canal, the end of the large intestine, are about 15-20 centimeters long. The anus, located at the end of the anal canal, is the opening through which the large intestine connects to the outside of the body.

Epidemiological

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Etiology & Risk Factors

Colorectal cancer in children can be part of a genetic syndrome. In younger people, colorectal cancer is associated with gene mutations that induce polyps (proliferation of intestinal mucosa), which can evolve into colorectal cancer.

         The risk of colorectal cancer is increased if you have any of the following genetic disorders:

50. Familial adenomatous polyposis with minor phenotype
50. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
50. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (also known as Lynch syndrome)
50. Li-Fraumeni syndrome (also known as Li-Frau syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I)
50. MYH-related polyps
50. Gliomatosis polyposis syndrome (also known as Turcot syndrome)
50. Multiple hamartoma syndrome (also known as Cowden syndrome)
50. Juvenile polyposis syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

        Non-hereditary colorectal polyps in children do not increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

Classification & Staging

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Clinical Manifestations

The signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer in children vary depending on the type of tumor. Colorectal cancer can cause the following signs and symptoms, and if your child has any of these problems, consult a pediatrician

Tumors in the rectum or lower segment of the rectum can cause abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea

Colorectal tumors on the left side of the body can cause: o Abdominal mass o Unexplained weight loss o Loss of appetite o Bloody stool o Anemia (fatigue, dizziness, increased heart rate or arrhythmia, shortness of breath, pale skin) In addition to colorectal cancer, other conditions can also cause the same symptoms.

Clinical Department

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Examination & Diagnosis

        The following tests are used to diagnose and stage colon cancer:

Physical examination and medical history ​

Chest X-ray

Chest, abdominal and pelvic CT scans

PET scan

MRI check up

 bone scanning

 biopsy

         Other tests that can diagnose colon cancer include:

Colonoscopy: This is a procedure that allows the examination of the rectum and colon to detect polyps, abnormal areas, or tumors. The colonoscope is a flexible tube equipped with a light source and a camera lens. It is inserted into the rectum and gradually moves into the colon. Sometimes, the colonoscope is fitted with tools that can remove polyps or take tissue samples for microscopic examination to check for cancer cells.

Barium enema: Barium (a silver-white metal substance) is injected into the rectum, covering the lower part of the digestive tract and imaging the lower part of the digestive tract on X-ray.

Fecal occult blood test: A test for blood in the stool that can only be seen under a microscope. A small stool sample is placed in a special container and tested in a laboratory.

Complete blood cell count (CBC): Blood samples are drawn and the following items are examined:

O Number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

O The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in red blood cells

O The ratio of red blood cells to the volume of blood

Kidney function test: Blood or urine is taken to detect specific substances secreted by the kidneys. Abnormal levels above or below normal indicate kidney dysfunction.

Liver function test: Blood is taken to detect specific substances secreted by the liver. Higher or lower than normal values indicate liver lesions.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA content is tested in blood. Both tumor cells and normal cells release CEA into the blood, indicating colorectal cancer or other diseases when it is higher than normal.

Clinical Management

For the treatment information below, see the treatment plan overview section above.

         Treatment for childhood colorectal cancer may include the following:

50. When the tumor is not metastatic, it is surgically removed
50. Radiation and chemotherapy are used for rectal or lower colon cancer
50.  combined chemotherapy

        Patients with recurrent colorectal cancer in children may consider participating in clinical trials to test for changes in genes in tumor samples and to target patients based on the type of gene change.

         Treatment of children with familial colorectal cancer syndrome may include the following:

50. Preventive colectomy
50. Medication reduces the number of polyps in the colon

Prognosis

Prognosis is associated with the following factors

50. Whether the surgery completely removed the tumor
50. Whether the tumor has metastasized to the lymph nodes, liver, pelvis or ovaries

Follow-up & Review

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Daily Care

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Cutting-edge therapeutic and clinical Trials

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References

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Audit specialists

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