Interpretation of nouns

Interpretation of nouns

1. External radiation therapy: Irradiation of cancer cells using machines located outside the body.

2. Internal Radiation Therapy (IRT): Radioactive material is sealed in a probe, probe, wire or catheter, which is then placed in or near the mass to irradiate the cancer cells inside the body.

3. Systemic chemotherapy: Drugs enter the patient's bloodstream either by mouth or by injection (intravenously or intramuscularly) and are transported to cancer cells throughout the body.

4. Localized chemotherapy: Drugs are injected directly into the patient's cerebrospinal fluid, an organ or the abdominal cavity, where they act on cancer cells in the injected area.

5. Total nephrectomy: This is an operation to remove the entire kidney. Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed and checked for signs of cancer. If both kidneys are removed, a kidney transplant (removal of the diseased kidney and transplantation of a healthy kidney from a donor) is also required.

6. Partial nephrectomy: Also known as kidney-sparing surgery, this involves removing part of a kidney. If doctors find cancer cells in both kidneys or if the cancer may have spread to both kidneys, they usually use this surgery to preserve as much kidney tissue as possible to keep the body functioning normally.

7. Biological therapy: Biological therapy is a treatment that utilizes the patient's immune system to fight cancer. It is based on the principle of using substances produced by the body itself or synthesized in a laboratory to enhance, direct or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also known as immunotherapy.

8. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to recognize and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.

9. Ultrasound: Tissues or organs in the body eject and echo ultrasound waves. The echoes form a picture of the body tissue called a sonogram. Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose kidney tumors.

10. CT scan or CAT (computerized axial tomography): This test takes pictures of internal areas of the body, such as the chest, abdomen and pelvis, from different angles and produces a series of detailed images. These pictures are made by a computer connected to an X-ray machine. The patient will need to inject or swallow dye intravenously to make the organs or tissues show up more clearly.

11. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses magnets, radio waves, and a computer to scan an internal area of the body (such as the abdomen) to produce a series of detailed images. Sometimes patients are given a substance called gadolinium intravenously. Gadolinium collects around cancer cells, so the cancer cells appear brighter in the pictures.

12. X-ray chest or abdominal plain film: X-rays are beams of energy that pass through the body and hit the film, revealing images of the inside of the body.

13. PET-CT Scan: This test combines a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan with a Computed Tomography (CT) scan.The PET and CT scans are performed simultaneously on the same machine. Images from both scanners are combined to produce more detailed images.PET scanning is a way to find malignant tumor cells in the body. The patient is injected with a small amount of radioactive glucose through a vein.The PET scanner rotates around the body to take pictures of how the glucose is used in the body. Malignant tumor cells are more active than normal cells and need to absorb more glucose, so they appear brighter in the images.

14. Bone scan: Examines bones for the presence of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected through a vein and travels throughout the body in the bloodstream. If cancer cells are present in the bones, the radioactive material will gather around them and be detected by the scanner. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into the child's vein and travels through the bloodstream. When the child lies on a table that slides under the scanner, the radioactive material is detected and an image is made on a computer screen.

15. Pathology: This involves the removal of cells or tissues from the child's body and the preparation of a specimen by a pathologist, which is viewed under a microscope for signs of cancer. Biopsies can be taken before treatment, after chemotherapy or after surgical removal.

16. Intravenous (IV) urography: The observation of abnormalities in the urinary system of the kidneys by means of a contrast medium injected into a vein.

17. Angiography: The presence or absence of vascular abnormalities is observed by injecting a contrast medium into the blood vessels.

18. Isotope nephrography with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan: shows renal function by isotope tracing.

19. Percutaneous renal biopsy: ultrasound-guided examination of renal pathology.

20. Renal artery embolization: If there is a vascular abnormality, the possibility of accidental bleeding can be reduced by sealing the abnormality by inserting a special biosponge material into the renal artery.